ls: Lists directory contents.cp: Copies files and directories.mv: Moves or renames files and directories.rm: Removes files or directories.mkdir: Creates directories.rmdir: Removes empty directories.touch: Creates an empty file or updates the file's timestamps.ln: Creates links between files.chmod: Changes the file mode (permissions).chown: Changes file owner and group.find: Searches for files in a directory hierarchy.
cat: Concatenates and displays files.grep: Searches text using patterns.sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.awk: Programming language for text processing.sort: Sorts lines of text.uniq: Reports or omits repeated lines.cut: Removes sections from each line of files.paste: Merges lines of files.tr: Translates or deletes characters.wc: Prints newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
ps: Reports a snapshot of current processes.top: Displays tasks and system status dynamically.kill: Sends signals to processes.nice: Modifies process scheduling priority.nohup: Runs a command immune to hangups.df: Reports file system disk space usage.du: Estimates file space usage.free: Displays amount of free and used memory in the system (common but not POSIX).uptime: Shows how long the system has been running.
ping: Sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.ftp: Internet file transfer program.ssh: Secure Shell for logging into and executing commands over a network.scp: Secure copy (remote file copy program).wget: Non-interactive network downloader.
echo: Displays a line of text.printf: Formats and prints data.export: Sets or exports environment variables.unset: Unsets a shell variable.alias: Defines or displays aliases.unalias: Removes aliases.
tar: Archiving utility.gzip: Compresses files.gunzip: Decompresses files compressed by gzip.zip: Package and compress (archive) files.unzip: List, test, and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive.
uname: Prints system information.man: Displays the manual page for other commands.info: Reads documentation in Info format.which: Locates a command.
- Description: A family of standards specified by the IEEE for maintaining compatibility between operating systems.
- Scope: Includes definitions for system calls, command-line utilities, and shell scripting to ensure software compatibility.
- Utilities: Defines a set of standard utilities like
awk, sed, grep, cp, and many others.
- Description: A standardization effort by the Linux Foundation to increase compatibility among Linux distributions.
- Scope: Focuses on APIs, system commands, and libraries to ensure applications can run on any compliant Linux distribution.
- Utilities: Specifies core utilities and libraries, ensuring a base level of system functionality and compatibility.
- Description: A package of GNU software that provides basic file, shell, and text manipulation utilities common to GNU/Linux systems.
- Scope: Replaces many of the traditional UNIX utilities with GNU versions, providing enhanced functionality and options.
- Utilities: Includes essential utilities like
ls, rm, mv, cat, chmod, and more.
- Description: The set of tools and commands that come with BSD-based operating systems.
- Scope: While not a standard per se, each BSD variant (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD) provides a core set of utilities tailored to its environment.
- Utilities: Includes commands like
ps, ls, cp, which may have options or behavior specific to BSD systems.
- Description: An effort led by the Open Group to define a standard UNIX operating system environment.
- Scope: Encompasses APIs, commands, and utilities for software compatibility across UNIX systems.
- Utilities: Defines a wide range of commands and utilities similar to POSIX, as SUS incorporates the POSIX standard.